Crest-tailed mulgara

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Crest-tailed mulgara
Temporal range: Late Oligocene–Present
Crest-tailed mulgara, Simpson Desert
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Family: Dasyuridae
Genus: Dasycercus
Species:
D. cristicauda
Binomial name
Dasycercus cristicauda
(Krefft, 1867)
Crest-tailed mulgara range
Crest-tailed mulgara showing distinguishing crest on tail

The crest-tailed mulgara (D. hillieri, recently[1] resurrected from synonymy with D. cristicauda) is a small to medium-sized Australian carnivorous marsupial and a member of the family Dasyuridae (meaning "hairy tail")[2] which includes quolls, dunnarts, numbats, the endangered Tasmanian devil and the extinct thylacine.

Description

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The crest-tailed mulgara is a small to medium-sized mammal with sandy coloured fur on the upper parts leading to a darker grey on the under parts and inner limbs.[3] The species is strongly sexually dimorphic with adult males weighing 100 to 185 g (3.5 to 6.5 oz) and females weighing 65 to 120 g (2.3 to 4.2 oz).[4] Head–body length of 125–230 mm and tail length is between 75–125 mm.[3][4]

In-field separation/identification of the two extant species within the genus Dasycercus has proven difficult,[5] with the crest-tailed mulgara often confused with the closely related brush-tailed mulgara (D. blythi). Tail morphology is a primary identifying feature between the two species.[6] The crest-tailed mulgara has a crest of fine black hairs along the dorsal edge of the tail creating a fin-like crest and hair length tapering towards the tip. In contrast the brush-tailed mulgara tail hair is not noticeably crested, black hair starts half way along the upper surface of the tail and dorsal hair length remains consistent.[3] Nipple count also differs between the two species and is another distinguishing feature. Female crest-tailed mulgara typically have eight nipples, compared to the brush-tailed mulgara with just six.[6][3][7]

Taxonomy

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There has been taxonomic confusion within the genus Dasycercus described by Peters in 1875.[3] Four named forms of carnivorous marsupials have historically been assigned to this genus.[3] Kreft, 1867, first described Chaetocercus cristicauda in 1877.[3] A second form, Phascogale blythi was described by Waite, 1904, followed by a third form, Phascogale hillieri described by Thomas, 1905.[3] Jones 1923, described two species of mulgara Dasycercus cristicauda and D. hillieri.[8] but decades on, William Ride’s 'A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia' published in 1970 referred only to a single species, Dasycercus cristicauda, and in 1988 Mahoney and Ride placed all three species in the synonymy of D. cristicauda.[3] A fourth species, Dasyuroides byrnei, described by Spencer, 1896, was included by Mahoney and Ride however a lack of consensus resulted in its exclusion to the genus Dasycercus.[3]

In 1995 Woolley described two sub-species, D. cristicauda cristicauda and D. cristicauda hillieri,[9] which were later confirmed to be two species using mitochondrial gene sequencing by Adams, Cooper and Armstrong in 2000. Woolley resolved the taxonomic and nomenclatural issues in 2005 and the species was re-named to two genetically distinct forms, D. cristicauda previously D. hillieri and D. blythi previously named D. cristicauda.[3]

Recently, three additional species have been described: the southern mulgara (D. archeri), the little mulgara (D. marlowi), and the northern mulgara (D. woolleyae).[1] This same publication resurrected the name D. hillieri for the crest-tailed mulgara.

Recent genetic analysis of most available and well-preserved tissue samples from around Australia suggests that only two species of mulgara are extant, and that these species conform well to the currently named D. blythi and D. hillieri.[5] The question remains as to why some widely co-occurring and similarly-sized Dasycercus species would have gone extinct, since European colonisation, but others (i.e. the brush-tailed mulgara) have remained relatively common.

Distribution

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The crest-tailed mulgara inhabits areas of arid Australia. It has been recorded in the southern Simpson Desert near the tri-state border and in the Tirari and Strzelecki Deserts of South Australia and the western Lake Eyre region.[10] Historically the species’ geographic range was much larger incorporating areas from Ooldea on the eastern edge of the Nullarbor Plain and the Musgrave Ranges in South Australia, Sandringham Station in Queensland (last record in 1968)[11] and from the Canning Stock Route and near Rawlinna on the Nullarbor Plain in Western Australia.[10] Owl pellet examinations showed presence of crest-tailed mulgara near the southern and south-eastern margins of the Strzelecki dunefield/sandplain, in the Flinders Ranges and at Mutawintji National Park in far-western New South Wales.[12] Due to the levels of taxonomic uncertainty, misidentification may have led to an overestimated distribution especially when based on older records. This has created difficulties in assessing and interpreting temporal changes within its historic distribution.[13]

Recent genetic analysis of most available and well-preserved tissue samples from around Australia suggests that the crest-tailed mulgara is now restricted to the central eastern deserts (Simpson-Strzelecki Dunefield bioregion) of the continent, and the brush-tailed mulgara is more widespread from Queensland to near-coastal Western Australia.[5]

Ecology and habitat

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Habitat

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The crest-tailed mulgara inhabits crests and slopes of sand ridges, or around salt lakes in inland Australia.[6][4] During the day it shelters in burrows which are located at the base of sandhill canegrass (Zygochloa paradoxa) clumps[6] or Nitre bush (Nitraria billardieri) growing around the edges of salt lakes.[4] Burrow site suitability, rainfall, food resources and the fire age of the vegetation community may be a factor influencing their distribution.[6]

Diet

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The crest-tail mulgara is an opportunistic or non-specialist carnivore, eating a range of insects, arachnids and rodents but also includes reptiles, centipedes and small marsupials.[4][14] It forages along the dune crests and flanks with forays down onto the swales.

Breeding and reproduction

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The crest-tailed mulgara reaches sexual maturity in the first year. Reproduction occurs between winter and early summer raising up to eight young in a litter. Independent young are found in spring and early summer[4][13]

Conservation status

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Wild Deserts Project, University of New South Wales, team member Reece Pedler holds a crest-tailed mulgara which was re-discovered in 2017 in Sturt National Park north-west of Tibooburra, Australia.

The following are the federal, state and international listings for the crest-tailed mulgara.[10] The mulgara was presumed extirpated in New South Wales for more than a century, but was re-discovered in 2017 in Sturt National Park north-west of Tibooburra.[15]

Federal Listing Status

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Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the EPBC Act): Listed as Vulnerable.

Non-statutory Listing Status

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IUCN: Listed as Near Threatened (Global Status: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species).

WA: Listed as P4 (Priority Flora and Priority Fauna List (Western Australia)).

NGO: Listed as Near Threatened (The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012).

State Listing Status

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NSW: Listed as Extinct (Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016), April 2018.

NT: Listed as Vulnerable (Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000), 2012.

QLD: Listed as Vulnerable (Nature Conservation Act 1992), September 2017.

SA: Listed as Endangered (National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972), June 2011.

Threats

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The crest-tailed mulgara is sensitive to predation by the European red fox and feral cat,[6] changes to fire regimes together with environmental degradation and habitat homogenization attributed to grazing from livestock and introduced European rabbits.[12][16] During post-release of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), the crest-tailed mulgara underwent a 70-fold increase in its extent of occurrence and a 20-fold increase in its area of occupancy.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b Newman-Martin, Jake; Travouillon, Kenny J.; Warburton, Natalie; Barham, Milo; Blyth, Alison J. (2023-10-02). "Taxonomic review of the genus Dasycercus (Dasyuromorphia: Dasyuridae) using modern and subfossil material; and the description of three new species". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 47 (4): 624–661. doi:10.1080/03115518.2023.2262083. ISSN 0311-5518.
  2. ^ "A mammalian lexicon". Biology of Mammals. 27 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Woolley, P.A. (2005). The species of Dasycercus Peters, 1875 (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 62(2), 213–221.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Van Dyck, Steve; Strahan, Ronald (2008). The mammals of Australia. Australia: New Holland Publishers. p. 50.
  5. ^ a b c Vega, Aline Gibson; von Takach, Brenton; Umbrello, Linette; Cullen, Dympna; Cowan, Mark; Crisp, Helen; Dickman, Chris; Doherty, Tim; La Marca, William; Molyneux, Jenny; Sims, Colleen; Spencer, Peter B. S.; Tamayo, Bobby; Ottewell, Kym. "A Tale of Two Tails: Untangling the Phylogeography and Demographic History of Extant Species of Mulgara (Dasycercus spp.) in the Australian Arid Zone". Journal of Biogeography. n/a (n/a): e70006. doi:10.1111/jbi.70006. ISSN 1365-2699.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Pavey, C. R., Nano, C. E. M., Cooper, S. J. B., Cole, J. R., & McDonald, P. J. (2012). Habitat use, population dynamics and species identification of mulgara, Dasycercus blythi and D. cristicauda, in a zone of sympatry in central Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 59(3), 156-169. doi:10.1071/ZO11052
  7. ^ Menkorst, P. & Knight, F. (2011). A field guide to the mammals of Australia. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Oxford. p. 52-53. ISBN 9780195573954.
  8. ^ Jones, Frederic Wood (1923). The Mammals of South Australia. Part 1 The Monotremes and the Carnivorous Marsupials. Adelaide: Government Printer. pp. 102–109.
  9. ^ Strahan, Ronald (1995). The Mammals of Australia. Chatswood: Reed Books. p. 56. ISBN 0-73010484-2.
  10. ^ a b c "Species Profile and Threats Database". Australian Government Department of Environment and Energy. 6 June 2018.
  11. ^ Woolley, P.A. (1990). "Mulgara, Dasycercus cristicauda (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae: their burrows and records of attempts to collect live animals between 1966 and 1979". Australian Mammalogy. 13: 61–64.
  12. ^ a b Letnic, M., Feit, A., Mills, C., & Feit, B. (2016). The crest-tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) in the south-eastern Strzelecki Desert. Australian Mammalogy, 38(2), 241-245. doi:10.1071/AM15027
  13. ^ a b Woinarski, J. & Burbidge, A.A. 2016. Dasycercus cristicauda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T6266A21945813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6266A21945813.en. Downloaded on 05 June 2018
  14. ^ Queale, L; Foulkes, J; Canty, P; Barratt (2000). "The diet of the Ampurta (Dasycercus hillieri) and the Kowari D. byrnei in north-eastern South Australia". Australian Mammal Society 2000 Conference Proceedings.
  15. ^ z3517017 (2017-12-15). "Mammal long thought extinct in NSW resurfaces in state's west". UNSW Newsroom. Retrieved 2017-12-18.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "Threatened Species of the Northern Territory" (PDF). Crest-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda).
  17. ^ Pedler, R. D., Brandle, R., Read, J. L., Southgate, R., Bird, P., & Moseby, K. E. (2016). Rabbit biocontrol and landscape‐scale recovery of threatened desert mammals. Conservation Biology, 30(4), 774-782. doi:10.1111/cobi.12684
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