Combined Opposition Parties

Combined Opposition Parties
Abbreviation	COP
Leader	Fatima Jinnah
Founder	Khawaja Nazimuddin[a][1]
Founded	July 21, 1964 (1964-07-21)
Merger of	Council Muslim League[1] Awami League[1] National Awami Party[1] National Awami Party (Wali) Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan[1] Nizam-e-Islam Party[1]
Ideology	Parliamentary democracy Anti-Ayub Khan Minority rights
Political position	Big tent
Politics of Pakistan Political parties Elections

The Combined Opposition Parties (COP) was a Pakistani coalition of 6 to 13 political parties founded on July 21, 1964, to run in the 1965 presidential, and general election against field marshal Ayub Khan and his authoritarian regime.

The COP was founded by Khawaja Nazimuddin among other political leaders in an attempt to challenge the military president Ayub Khan, who had imposed martial law since 1958. The group was made up of various political parties with differing ideologies and struggled to pick a single candidate in the 1965 election to run against Ayub, but eventually settled on Fatima Jinnah. The COP followed followed Chaudhri Muhammad Ali’s nine points as its official ideology.

Following the 1965 election results, which came in favor of Ayub, the coalition was divided, and eventually dissolved due to efforts by the Council Muslim League to dominate the group.

Members

The exact number of parties in the coalition is not exactly known but studies claim it consisted of the 5, 6 or 13 leading opposition parties.^[1] The party members included the socialist National Awami Party led by Maulana Bashani, and its northwestern faction, the National Awami Party (Wali) led by Abdul Wali Khan, the Islamist party, the Jamaat-e-Islami led by the popular Abul A'la Maududi, the anti-Ayub Council Muslim League led by Khawaja Nazimuddin, the lesser-known Niazam-e-Islam Party of Chaudhry Mohammad Ali^[1] and the East Pakistani Awami League led by Mujibur Rehman.^[1]

The fact that many of these party members' ideologies were contradictory, demonstrated that Ayub Khan's policies were extremely unpopular.^[1]

History

Foundation

Khawaja Nazimuddin, president of the Council Muslim League, traveled Pakistan, and met with the leaders of various political groups,^[1] he talked about the political state of affairs as the presidential election of January 1965 was getting closer. Talks began between major political movements and parties throughout the country for a united front in politics.

As a result, on July 21, 1964, in Dhaka, the opposition parties united to form the Combined Opposition Parties (COP).^[1]

Party leadership

As a coalition the COP did not have one exclusive leader, as it was made up of several different parties with independent leaders. In 1964, the COP considered nominating Azam Khan to run against President Ayub Khan on their behalf in the 1965 Pakistani presidential election, due to Azam's widespread popularity.^[2] However, Maulana Bhashani, a founding member of the Awami League, convinced the opposition to nominate Fatima Jinnah instead. Some speculate that Bhashani believed Fatima would be a weaker candidate and suggested her candidacy to ensure Ayub Khan's victory, as he was favoured by the Chinese.^[3] Due to disagreements between left-wing and right-wing parties, it was contested who should have run for President of Pakistan on behalf of the COP against Ayub Khan, causing neither side to reach a clear candidate. Khawaja Nazimuddin was considered for the role but his elderly condition hindered any idea of party leadership.^[4]

Earlier, when the COP agreed to unite behind a single candidate, they required that the candidate must have unanimous support from all member parties. Bhashani reportedly added another condition: that no one associated with the Martial Law administration, would be acceptable. Several sources indicate that Ayub Khan's foreign minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, orchestrated the entire strategy to block Azam Khan's candidacy. He did so through Masihur Rahman, a mutual friend of both Bhutto and Bhashani, by providing Masihur Rahman with 500,000 rupees to pass on to Bhashani, all in an effort to ensure Ayub’s victory by having a weaker opponent, Fatima Jinnah, run against him.^[5][6] Days before the election, Bhashani and his group withdrew their support for Fatima.^[7][8] Nevertheless, Azam supported Fatima Jinnah and actively campaigned for her and was noted as having contributed to her success in East Pakistan.^[9]" Fatima was also chosen due to her being the brother of Pakistan’s founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah.^[2]

As a result, Fatima Jinnah led the campaign against Ayub Khan in 1965 and urged Pakistanis to vote with care in the elections, and became a serious contender against Ayub's campaign and his party, the Convention Muslim League.^[10]

Campaign

The COP faced challenges and crackdowns by Ayub Khan's government. Ayub accused Miss Jinnah of being a weak leader and claimed that she was being exploited by the COP's power hungry, corrupt leaders.^[11][12] Her campaign was plagued with unfair and unequal election campaign, poor finances, and indirect elections through the democratic system were some of the primary problems she faced. However, she had overwhelming support among the public.^[12]

Ideology

The Combined Opposition parties laid out their nine points as an official manifesto and ideological principle in 1964. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali unveiled the following points for the parties ideology:

Demands for full guarantees of all basic rights of the people; direct election based on adult franchise; federal parliamentary structure guaranteeing full provincial autonomy, curtailment of the powers of the President; independence of judiciary based on separation of judiciary from the executive; withdrawal of ban on the functioning of political parties and release of all political prisoners and repeal of all repressive laws. Removal of economic disparity between the two Wings of Pakistan and to equalize the per capita income between the two Wings; to provide equality of opportunity and the widest possible distribution of wealth; effective and speedy settlement of refugees; and effective measures for flood control in both Wings. Full guarantee for the rights of minorities, in particular their right to practice their religion and develop their culture. Other points were solution of the Kashmir problem in accordance with the UN resolutions; an independent foreign policy keeping in view the honor and interests of Pakistan; implementation of Islamic provisions of the constitution and establishment of true Islamic society along with amendments of the Family Laws Ordinance.

- The Nine Points of the COP, ^[1]

Other than the nine official points, the party was strictly Anti-Ayub Khan, accusing him of founding a military dictatorship. The COP advocated for an establishment of a parliamentary democracy in the country where the Constituent Assembly was re-empowered, the party also held Islamic tendencies, due to membership by the Jamaat-e-Islami and Maududi.

Ayub Khan responded to the nine-point manifesto by establishing his own manifesto of industrial growth, secularism, and the self-determination guarantee to Kashmiris.^[13]

Decline

1965 election results

Main article: 1965 Pakistani presidential election

The election results came in favor of the incumbent President Ayub Khan, who, despite losing the popular vote, won 62.43% of the Electoral vote. Fatima Jinnah won 35.86% of the electoral college votes.^[14] Jinnah was however extremely successful in some areas of the country. She had swept across major urban centres such as Karachi and Dhaka. Ayub also faced disappointing results in East Pakistan. However, Ayub had decisively triumphed in rural Pakistan. As majority of the Electoral College consisted of representatives from the rural setup, Ayub was able to win a clear majority.^[10]

The election results were not accepted by the Combined Opposition Parties, who accused Ayub of rigging. The COP staged demonstrations and protests, however, did not gain much public support as Fatimah Jinnah, accepted the election results. The Election had an effective result. It further strengthened the role of Women in politics in Pakistan.^[15]

Dissolution

The COP discussed in sessions following the presidential election to determine the course of action for the next national and provincial assembly elections. The leaders of this session discussed boycotting the elections as being unrealistic. The coalition was extremely disappointed with the results of the presidential elections which resulted in a victory for Ayub Khan.^[16] However, the defeat of the COP in the presidential and subsequent national and provincial assembles elections did not render the organization useless. The COP, thereafter lost its strength and unity as the Council Muslim League made efforts to dominate it. Miss Jinnah though the unanimous candidate of all the component parties of the alliance showed her sympathies for the League and advised other parties of the COP to merge into Council Muslim League and fight against 'undemocratic force' with unity and discipline.^{[17][full citation needed]} The parties focused on their respective political agendas respectively and the alliance became ineffective and politically useless. The alliance splintered and dissolved, as the remaining leadership merged with the Council Muslim League.^[18]

Notes

1. Originally Nazimuddin gave the idea to establish the COP, but many other leaders worked together to found the COP, therefore he cannot be accredited as the sole undisputed founder.

References

1. Hussain 2018.
2. Shahid Javed Burki (2015). "Azam Khan, Lieutenant General Muhammad (1908-1994)". Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. p. 90.
3. Ali, Asad; Ali, Kamran Asdar, eds. (2023). Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan: (In)audible Voices, Forgotten Pasts. Bloomsbury Publishing.
4. Younas. Siasi Ittehad, p.68. This idea was strongly opposed keeping in view the falling health of Nawabzada Nazimuddin.
5. Herbert Feldman (1972). From crisis to crisis: Pakistan 1962-1969. p. 71.
6. Hamid Yusuf (1980). Pakistan in Search of Democracy, 1947-77. Afrasia Publications. p. 71. The elimination of General Azam Khan as a likely C. O. P. candidate had been secured through a condition laid down by Maulana Bhashani that the C. O. P. would not accept any one as a candidate who had been associated with the Martial Law of October 1958. This stratagem is said to have been engineered by Ayub Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. A sum of money is reported to have been passed on to the Maulana through Bhutto's friend Masih-ur-Rehman, a lieutenant of the Maulana. General Azam Khan no doubt would have been a strong rival. He could count on solid support from East Pakistan and a fair measure of sympathy in the west wing.
7. The Herald. Vol. 28. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1997. p. 126.
8. The Herald. Vol. 28. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1997. p. 126. The combined opposition, a coalition of both left and right wing parties, wanted to field a retired general with populist leanings, Azam Khan, against Ayub. But on the insistence of Bhashani, Mohammad Ali Jinnah's sister, Fatima Jinnah, was nominated instead. Just before the election, however, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (then a member of Ayub Khan's cabinet) informed the pro-Beijing Bhashani that the military ruler has established strong ties with China and that, displeased with this move, the US had decided to support Fatima Jinnah's candidacy. As such, Bhutto advised the comrades to support Ayub, not Ms. Jinnah. Just days before the polls, the Bhashani group withdrew its support for Fatima Jinnah. During the tug of war between China and the Soviet Union , Bhashani had always openly supported the former, generating bitter conflict among the various factions within leftist politics. Consequently, the entire movement, along with its labour, peasant and student wings, was split into pro-Moscow and pro-Beijing groups. Only the Pakistan Federal Union of Meraj his successor. But many of those idealistic comrades committed a disastrous political blunder by not contesting the 1970 elections themselves. Instead, they proudly claimed that "inqalab parchi se nahin barchi se ata hai" (revolution comes not through the ballot but the bullet). Meanwhile, in East Pakistan, Bhashani boycotted the 1970 elections, paving the way for Sheikh Mujibur Rehman's Awami League to win a landslide victory. Later, during the Yahya-Bhutto-Mujib talks of 1971, he closed off all options for the Bengali nationalist leader by declaring East Pakistan's independence.
9. A Challenger for Ayub. Vol. 213. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 17 October 1964. p. 249. Yet when General Azam Khan, a former governor of the east wing and now a partisan of Miss Jinnah, returned to Dacca this week, he was received in triumph.
10. al-Mujahid, Sharif (June 1965). "Pakistan's First Presidential Elections". Asian Survey. 5 (6): 280–294. doi:10.2307/2642126. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642126.
11. Hussain 2018, p. 16.
12. "Presidential Election (1965)". Story of Pakistan. 2007-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
13. This included the freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom of assembly under the rule of law. Hamdani, Fatima Jinnah , pp. 88 — 90
14. "Democratising Pakistan?". Daily Times. 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
15. "Women in Politics - Problems of Participation: A Case Study of Pakistan". 2010-02-06. Archived from the original on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
16. Hussain 2018, p. 18.
17. Jang, July 9, 1982.
18. Hussain 2018, pp. 18–19.

Sources

• Hussain, Akhtar (January–June 2018). "Politics of Combined Opposition Parties (Cop) During Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969)" (PDF). Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. 31 (1).