Chono language
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| Chono | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Chile |
| Region | Chonos Archipelago, Chiloé Archipelago |
| Ethnicity | Chono people |
| Extinct | 1875[citation needed] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | chon1248 |
 | |
Chono is a poorly attested extinct language of confusing classification. It is attested primarily from an 18th-century catechism,[1] which is not translated into Spanish. Various placenames in Chiloé Archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite the main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Veliche.[2]
Classification
[edit]Campbell (2012) concludes that the language called Chono or Wayteka or Wurk-wur-we by Llaras Samitier (1967) is spurious, with the source material being a list of mixed and perhaps invented vocabulary.[3]
Viegas Barros, who postulates a relationship between Kawesqar and Yaghan, believes that 45% of the Chono vocabulary and grammatical forms correspond to one of those languages, though it is not close to either.[4]
Glottolog concludes that "There are lexical parallels with Mapuche as well as Qawesqar, ... but the core is clearly unrelated." They characterize Chono as a "language isolate", which corresponds to an unclassified language in other classifications.[citation needed]
Phonology
[edit]The phonology of Chono can be tentatively reconstructed in part from the data provided by Basauni (1975).[5] Syllables are frequently, but not necessarily, closed. There are few consonant clusters but frequent vowel clusters.[6]
Consonants
[edit]The consonant table shows the IPA representation as given by Adelaar (2004), with symbols that differ in angle brackets.[7]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ɕ ⟨č⟩ | k | ||
| voiced | b | g | |||||
| Fricative | f | z[a] | s | x | h | ||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
| Lateral | l | lʲ ⟨ly⟩ | |||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
In addition to the five monophthongs, Chono appears to have had eight diphthongs, which Adelaar represents as a vowel and a glide: ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ew⟩, ⟨ow⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨yu⟩, ⟨wa⟩, ⟨we⟩, and ⟨wi⟩.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ (in Spanish) – via Wikisource. (published in Bausani 1975)
- ^ Ibar Bruce, Jorge (1960). "Ensayo sobre los indios Chonos e interpretación de sus toponimías". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 117: 61–70.
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
- ^ Adelaar 2004, p. 553.
- ^ Bausani 1975.
- ^ Adelaar 2004, pp. 564–565.
- ^ Adelaar 2004, pp. xviii–xix.
- ^ a b c Adelaar 2004, p. 565.
Works cited
[edit]- Adelaar, Willem (2004). The Language of the Andes. with Pieter C. Muysken. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511486852. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- Bausani, Alessandro (1975). "Nuovi materiali sulla lingua Chono". In Cerulli, Ernesta; Della Ragione, Gilda (eds.). Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti (Rome-Genoa, 3–12 September 1972). Vol. 3: Linguistica – Folklore – Storia americana – Sociologia. Genoa: Tilgher. pp. 107–116.
External links
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