Bryophyllum

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Bryophyllum
The "Goethe Plant", Kalanchoe pinnata, illustrated in Flora de Filipinas by Francisco Manuel Blanco
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Crassulaceae
Genus: Kalanchoe
Subgenus: Bryophyllum
(Salisb.) Koord.
Species

See text.

Synonyms
  • Baumgartenia Tratt.
  • Bryophyllum Salisb.
  • Geaya Costantin & Poiss.
  • Kalanchoe sect. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Boiteau

Bryophyllum (from the Greek βρῦον/βρύειν bryon/bryein = sprout, φύλλον phyllon = leaf) is a group of plant species of the family Crassulaceae native to Madagascar.[1] It is a section or subgenus within the genus Kalanchoe, and was formerly placed at the level of genus.[1] This section is notable for vegetatively growing small plantlets on the fringes of the leaves; these eventually drop off and root. These plantlets arise from mitosis of meristematic-type tissue in notches in the leaves.

Nowadays, bryophyllums are naturalized in many parts of the tropics and subtropics, and deliberately cultivated for their attractiveness or for their interesting reproduction as a vegetative reproductive plant.

Taxonomy

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Vegetative Propagation in Bryophyllum leaf
Kalanchoe laetivirens in the Philippines
Kalanchoe pinnata in Nepal

Species of Bryophyllum are nested within Kalanchoe on molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2][3] Therefore, Bryophyllum should be a section or subgenus of Kalanchoe rather than a separate genus.[4][5]

The number of species within Bryophyllum varies with definitions of this section. Bryophyllum used to include not only species that produce plantlets on the leaf margin, but also many species that lack this character such as K. manginii and K. porphyrocalyx. However, the broadly defined Bryophyllum is polyphyletic.[2] Bernard Descoings redefined Bryophyllum as 26 species,[1] and molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that his definition is almost monophyletic, except that K. beauverdii and K. delagoensis (hence as well as their relatives and hybrids) should be included while K. pubescens and K. streptantha excluded.[2][6] Therefore, Bryophyllum comprises about 40 species:

If Bryophyllum is regarded as a subgenus, three more species should be included:[6][12]

Toxicity

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Several species of Kalanchoe are economically important for causing cardiotoxic effects in sheep and cattle, and diseases affecting the nervous system and muscles known as krimpsiekte ("shrinking disease") or as cotyledonosis.[13] Kalanchoe pinnata may have similar chemical components, bufadienolide alkaloids.[14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Descoings, B. (2006). "Le genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae): structure et définition" (PDF). Le Journal de Botanique. 33: 3–28.
  2. ^ a b c Gehrig, Hans; Gaußmann, Oliver; Marx, Harald; Schwarzott, Daniel; Kluge, Manfred (2001-04-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) inferred from nucleotide sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions". Plant Science. 160 (5): 827–835. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00447-7. ISSN 0168-9452. PMID 11297779.
  3. ^ Mort, Mark E.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Francisco‐Ortega, Javier; Santos‐Guerra, Arnoldo (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of Crassulaceae inferred from matK sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 88 (1): 76–91. doi:10.2307/2657129. ISSN 1537-2197. JSTOR 2657129. PMID 11159129.
  4. ^ Eggli, Urs, ed. (2003). Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55874-0. ISBN 978-3-642-55874-0. S2CID 36280482.
  5. ^ Mort, Mark E; O'Leary, T. Ryan; Carrillo-Reyes, Pablo; et al. (December 2009). "Phylogeny and evolution of Crassulaceae: Past, present, and future". Biodiversity & Ecology. 3: 69–86.
  6. ^ a b Rodewald, S. E.; Klein, D.; Shtein, R.; Smith, G. F.; Joyce, E. M.; Morales-Briones, D. F.; Bernhard, S.; Letsara, R.; Mertes, H.; Hühn, P.; Kadereit, G. (2025-01-19). "A new phylogenetic framework for the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) and implications for infrageneric classification". Annals of Botany mcaf004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf004. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 12358026.
  7. ^ Smith, Gideon F. (2020). "Notes on Kalanchoe ×houghtonii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an early hybrid between two species of K. subg. Bryophyllum". Haseltonia. 2019 (26): 78–85. doi:10.2985/026.026.0111. ISSN 1070-0048. S2CID 211533864.
  8. ^ a b c d Descoings, B. (2005). "Sur quelques Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) hybrides de Madagascar". Le Journal de Botanique. 30: 3–18. doi:10.3406/jobot.2005.1998.
  9. ^ a b c Shtein, Ronen; Klein, David-Paul; Smith, Gideon F. (2021-04-14). "A new status for two varieties previously included in the southern Malagasy Kalanchoe rosei, now included in K. variifolia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae)". Phytotaxa. 496 (3): 228–244. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.496.3.2. ISSN 1179-3163.
  10. ^ a b c Shtein, Ronen; Smith, Gideon F.; Klein, David-Paul (2021-05-25). "The real identity of the Malagasy Kalanchoe rosei (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) finally resolved, and the description of a new species, K. perrieri". Phytotaxa. 502 (3): 259–276. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.502.3.4. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. ^ a b Shtein, Ronen; Smith, Gideon F. (2021-01-29). "A revision of the climbing kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Madagascar including the description of Kalanchoe sect. Invasores and K. ser. Vilana". Phytotaxa. 482 (2): 93–120. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.482.2.1. ISSN 1179-3163.
  12. ^ Klein, David-Paul; Mangelsdorff, Ralph; Letsara, Rokiman; Shtein, Ronen; Rodewald, Seraina E. (2025-02-26). "Two new species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) from western Madagascar". Candollea. 80 (1): 21–31. doi:10.15553/c2025v801a3. ISSN 0373-2967.
  13. ^ Welham, Marina: How Dangerous are Euphorbias? (And Others in the Family Euphorbiaceae) with some comments on dangerous plants in the families Agavaceae, Aizoaceae, Apocynaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Liliaceae Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Amateur's Digest. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  14. ^ Steyn, Pieter S & van Heerden, Fanie R. (1998): "Bufadienolides of plant and animal origin". Natural Product Reports 15(4): 397–413. doi:10.1039/a815397y PDF fulltext
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  • Media related to Bryophyllum at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Bryophyllum (Kalanchoe) at Wikispecies