3C 324

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3C 324
HST image of 3C 324
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationSerpens
Right ascension15h 49m 48.82s[1]
Declination+21° 25′ 37.97″[1]
Redshift1.206000[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity361,550 km/s[1]
Distance9 Gly
Apparent magnitude (B)21.5
Characteristics
TypeNLRG [1]
Size~137,000 ly (42.1 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Other designations
4C +21.46, PKS 1547+21, LEDA 2817675, CTA 069, NRAO 0484, NVSS J154948+212539, OR +279, DA 389, CoNFIG 230, TXS 1547+215[1]

3C 324 is a radio galaxy[2] located in the constellation of Serpens. The redshift of the galaxy is (z) 1.206, identified from emission lines,[1] and it was first discovered as an astronomical radio source by astronomers in 1959.[3] This galaxy has a light-travel time of nine billion light-years from Earth.[4]

Description

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3C 324 is a member of a rich galaxy cluster, being positioned at the center of it.[5][6] Its host is classified as a spheroidal shaped elliptical galaxy with a moderate luminous profile, based on imaging by the Subaru Telescope. The galaxy's appearance is reddened and it has a star population mainly dominated by old stars.[7][8] Its current star formation rate is 52 Mʘ per year and the total age of the galaxy is 6.0 x 108 years.[9] The supermassive black hole mass is 37 ± 30 x 108 Mʘ.[10]

Further evidence also showed the host galaxy's appearance is slightly elongated due to the tidal interaction with a red companion.[6] In infrared imaging, the galaxy shows distortions on its eastern side, taking the form of an irregular blob, suggesting its star formation rate may be triggered by ongoing galaxy mergers.[11] Imaging by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), showed its structure is broken up into a chain of high surface brightness clumps.[12]

The radio source of the galaxy is categorized as a classic double. When imaged with the Very Large Array (VLA), it has two hot spot features located in its asymmetrical radio lobes, with one known faint radio feature situated within the southwest lobe. A broad extension is also noted stretching from the lobe towards the source's center. In the northeast lobe, a narrow feature is found. The southwest lobe is also described as heavily depolarized as compared to the northwest lobe.[13] Other radio imaging showed the source has a radio jet passing along the edge of the eastern lobe before turning towards the north by 55°. Direct evidence also shows the lobe has a spectral index described as steep.[14]

HST imaging revealed 3C 324 has emission-line regions located east and west. The gas regions are made up of two components with a velocity separation of 800 kilometers per seconds. These components are also shown as overlapping, with the western component being the slightly brightest and has a high full width at half maximum.[15] A population of both red and blue galaxies have been found in the field around the galaxy.[16]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NED Search results for 3C 324". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-10-12.
  2. ^ information@eso.org. "Radio galaxy 3C324". www.esahubble.org. Retrieved 2025-10-12.
  3. ^ Edge, D. O.; Shakeshaft, J. R.; McAdam, W. B.; Baldwin, J. E.; Archer, S. (1959). "A survey of radio sources at a frequency of 159 Mc/s". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 37–60. Bibcode:1959MmRAS..68...37E.
  4. ^ "ESA Science & Technology - Distant Galaxy Cluster around 3C324". sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2025-10-12.
  5. ^ Spinrad, H.; Djorgovski, S. (May 1984). "3C 324 - an extremely distant cluster radio galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 280: L9 – L12. Bibcode:1984ApJ...280L...9S. doi:10.1086/184258. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ a b Best, P. N.; Longair, M. S.; Roettgering, H. J. A. (December 1997). "HST, radio and infrared observations of 28 3CR radio galaxies at redshift z~ - I. The observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 292 (4): 758–794. doi:10.1093/mnras/292.4.758. ISSN 0035-8711.
  7. ^ Yamada, Toru; Kajisawa, Masaru; Tanaka, Ichi; Maihara, Toshinori; Iwamuro, Fumihide; Terada, Hiroshi; Goto, Miwa; Motohara, Kentaro; Tanabe, Hirohisa; Taguchi, Tomoyuki; Hata, Ryuji; Iye, Masanori; Imanishi, Masatoshi; Chikada, Yoshihiro; Yoshida, Michitoshi (February 2000). "High-Resolution Near-Infrared Imaging of the Powerful Radio Galaxy 3C 324 at z = 1.21 with the Subaru Telescope". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 52: 43–51. arXiv:astro-ph/0002390. doi:10.1093/pasj/52.1.43. ISSN 0004-6264.
  8. ^ Yamada, Toru (2001), "Subaru Observations of the Host Galaxies and the Environments of the Radio Galaxy 3C324 at Z = 1.1", QSO Hosts and Their Environments, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 107–112, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0695-9_18, ISBN 978-1-4613-5199-3, retrieved 2025-10-12
  9. ^ Chambers, K. C.; Charlot, Stephane (January 1990). "The Ages of High-Redshift Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 348: L1. Bibcode:1990ApJ...348L...1C. doi:10.1086/185616. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ^ Daly, Ruth A. (2008-12-16), "Black Hole Spins of Radio Sources", The Astrophysical Journal, 691 (2): L72 – L76, arXiv:0811.1897, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/L72
  11. ^ Hilbert, B.; Chiaberge, M.; Kotyla, J. P.; Tremblay, G. R.; Stanghellini, C.; Sparks, W. B.; Baum, S.; Capetti, A.; Macchetto, F. D.; Miley, G. K.; O’Dea, C. P.; Perlman, E. S.; Quillen, A. (2016-07-01). "Powerful Activity in the Bright Ages. I. A Visible/Ir Survey of High Redshift 3C Radio Galaxies and Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 225 (1): 12. arXiv:1605.03196. Bibcode:2016ApJS..225...12H. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/12. ISSN 0067-0049.
  12. ^ Dickinson, M.; Dey, A.; Spinrad, H. (1995). What is 3C 324?. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 463. pp. 164–172. arXiv:astro-ph/9512090. doi:10.1007/BFb0102374. ISBN 978-3-540-60586-7. ISSN 0075-8450. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  13. ^ Fernini, Ilias; Burns, Jack O.; Bridle, Alan H.; Perley, Rick A. (May 1993). "Very Large Array Imaging of Five Fanaroff-Riley II 3CR Radio Galaxies". The Astronomical Journal. 105: 1690. Bibcode:1993AJ....105.1690F. doi:10.1086/116547. ISSN 0004-6256.
  14. ^ Best, P. N.; Carilli, C. L.; Garrington, S. T.; Longair, M. S.; Rottgering, H. J. A. (1998-09-01). "Deep radio observations of 3C 324 and 3C 368: evidence for jet-cloud interactions" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 299 (2): 357–370. arXiv:astro-ph/9803130. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.299..357B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01676.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  15. ^ Best, P. N.; Röttgering, H. J. A.; Longair, M. S. (January 2000). "Deep spectroscopy of distant 3CR radio galaxies: the data" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 311 (1): 1–22. arXiv:astro-ph/9908210. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.311....1B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03027.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  16. ^ Nakata, Fumiaki; Kajisawa, Masaru; Yamada, Toru; Kodama, Tadayuki; Shimasaku, Kazuhiro; Tanaka, Ichi; Doi, Mamoru; Furusawa, Hisanori; Hamabe, Masaru; Iye, Masanori; Kimura, Masahiko; Komiyama, Yutaka; Miyazaki, Satoshi; Okamura, Sadanori; Ouchi, Masami (2001-12-25). "Galaxy Population in a Cluster of Galaxies around the Radio Galaxy 3C 324 at z=1.2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 53 (6): 1139–1152. arXiv:astro-ph/0110597. doi:10.1093/pasj/53.6.1139. ISSN 2053-051X.
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